Psycho-Oncology: Living With Cancer

Authors

Keywords:

Psycho-oncology, anxiety disorders, depression

Abstract

Psycho-oncology is a multidisciplinary field that addresses the psychological, behavioral, and social dimensions experienced by individuals diagnosed with cancer and their families. Receiving a cancer diagnosis is not just a medical issue; it constitutes a psychological crisis. Therefore, the aim of psycho-oncology is to preserve the patient's psychological well-being and enhance quality of life at all stages of the illness.

References

1. Holland JC. History of psycho-oncology: overcoming attitudinal and conceptual barriers. Psychosom Med. 2002;64(2):206-221.

2. Sloan EK, Priceman SJ, Cox BF, et al. The sympathetic nervous system induces a metastatic switch in primary breast cancer. Cancer Res. 2010;70(18):7042-7052.

3. Thaker PH, Han LY, Kamat AA, et al. Chronic stress promotes tumor growth and angiogenesis in a mouse model of ovarian carcinoma. Nat Med. 2006;12(8):939-944.

4. Hassan S, Karpova Y, Baiz D, et al. Behavioral stress accelerates prostate cancer development in mice. J Clin Invest. 2013;123(2):874-886.

5. Kruk J. Self-reported psychological stress and the risk of breast cancer: a case-control study. Stress. 2012;15(2):162-171.

6. Lillberg K, Verkasalo PK, Kaprio J, et al. Stressful life events and risk of breast cancer in 10,808 women: a cohort study. Am J Epidemiol. 2003;157(5):415-423.

7. Schoemaker MJ, Jones ME, Wright LB, et al. Psychological stress, adverse life events and breast cancer incidence: a cohort investigation in 106,000 women in the United Kingdom. Breast Cancer Res. 2016;18(1):

8. Eskelinen M, Korhonen R, Selander T, Ollonen P, Beck. Depression inventory as a predictor of long-term outcome among patients admitted to the Breast Cancer Diagnosis Unit: a 25-year cohort study in Finland. Anticancer Res. 2017;37(2):819-824.

9. Satin JR, Linden W, Phillips MJ. Depression as a predictor of disease progression and mortality in cancer patients: a meta-analysis. Cancer. 2009;115(22):5349-5361.

10. van den Beuken-van Everdingen MH, Hochstenbach LM, Joosten EA, Tjan-Heijnen VC, Janssen DJ. Update on prevalence of pain in patients with cancer: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2016;51(6):1070-1090.e9.

11. Sheinfeld Gorin S, Krebs P, Badr H, et al. Meta-analysis of psychosocial interventions to reduce pain in patients with cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2012;30(5):539-547.

12. Johannsen M, Farver I, Beck N, et al. The efficacy of psychosocial intervention for pain in breast cancer patients and survivors: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2013;138(3):675-690.

13. Montgomery GH, Schnur JB, Kravits K. Hypnosis for cancer care: over 200 years young. CA Cancer J Clin. 2013;63(1):31-44.

14. Tatrow K, Montgomery GH. Cognitive behavioral therapy techniques for distress and pain in breast cancer patients: a meta-analysis. J Behav Med. 2006;29:17-27.

15. Lawrence DP, Kupelnick B, Miller K, Devine D, Lau J. Evidence report on the occurrence, assessment, and treatment of fatigue in cancer patients. J Natl Cancer Inst Monogr. 2004;(32):40-50.

16. Fabi A, Falcicchio C, Giannarelli D, Maggi G, Cognetti F, Pugliese P. The course of cancer-related fatigue up to ten years in early breast cancer patients: what impact in clinical practice? Breast. 2017;34:44-52.

17. Büttner-Teleagă A, et al. Sleep disorders in cancer—a systematic review. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(21):11696.

18. Ohayon MM, Caulet M, Lemoine P. Comorbidity of mental and insomnia disorders in the general population. Compr Psychiatry. 1998;39(4):185-197.

19. Akechi T, Nakano T, Okamura H, et al. Psychiatric disorders in cancer patients: descriptive analysis of 1721 psychiatric referrals at two Japanese cancer center hospitals. Jpn J Clin Oncol. 2001;31(4):188-194.

20. Espie CA, Fleming L, Cassidy J, et al. Randomized controlled clinical effectiveness trial of cognitive behavior therapy compared with treatment as usual for persistent insomnia in patients with cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26(28):4651-4658.

21. Savard J, et al. Prevalence, clinical characteristics, and risk factors for insomnia in the context of breast cancer. Sleep. 2001;24(5):583-590.

22. T湖燃. Nonpharmacological interventions for insomnia: a meta-analysis of treatment efficacy. Arn J. 1994;151:1172-1180.

23. National Comprehensive Cancer Network, et al. NCCN practice guidelines for the management of psychosocial distress. Oncology. 1999;13(5A):113-147.

24. Chaturvedi S, Uchitomi Y. Psychosocial and psychiatric disorders. In: Clinical Psycho-Oncology: An International Perspective. 2012. p.55-57.

25. Palliative Care Editorial Board. Adjustment to Cancer: Anxiety and Distress (PDQ®): Health Professional Version. PDQ Cancer Information Summaries. 2017 Jan 13.

26. Hartung TJ, Brähler E, Faller H, et al. The risk of being depressed is significantly higher in cancer patients than in the general population: prevalence and severity of depressive symptoms across major cancer types. Eur J Cancer. 2017;72:46-53.

27. Niedzwiedz CL, Knifton L, Robb KA, et al. Depression and anxiety among people living with and beyond cancer: a growing clinical and research priority. BMC Cancer. 2019;19(1):943.

28. Grassi L, Caruso R, Riba MB, et al. Anxiety and depression in adult cancer patients: ESMO Clinical Practice Guideline. ESMO Open. 2023;8(2):101155.

29. Walker J, Hansen CH, Martin P, et al. Prevalence, associations, and adequacy of treatment of major depression in patients with cancer: a cross-sectional analysis of routinely collected clinical data. Lancet Psychiatry. 2014;1(5):343-350.

30. Wakefield CE, Butow PN, Aaronson NA, et al. Patient-reported depression measures in cancer: a meta-review. Lancet Psychiatry. 2015;2(7):635-647.

31. Dauchy S, Dolbeault S, Reich M. Depression in cancer patients. Eur J Cancer Suppl. 2013;11(2):205-215.

32. Valentine AD. Mood disorders. In: Psycho-oncology: A Quick Reference on the Psychosocial Dimensions of Cancer Symptom Management. 2015. p.6.

33. Kelly CM, Juurlink DN, Gomes T, et al. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and breast cancer mortality in women receiving tamoxifen: a population based cohort study. BMJ. 2010;340:c693.

34. Tierney DK. Sexuality: a quality-of-life issue for cancer survivors. Semin Oncol Nurs. 2008;24(2):71-79.

35. Andersen BL. Sexual functioning morbidity among cancer survivors. Cancer. 1985;55(8):1835-1842.

36. Vassão FV, Barbosa LR, Moraes GM, Domenico EBL. Approach to sexuality in the care of cancer patients: barriers and strategies. Acta Paul Enferm. 2018;31:564-571.

37. Siddons HM, Wootten AC, Costello AJ. A randomised, wait‐list controlled trial: evaluation of a cognitive–behavioural group intervention on psycho‐sexual adjustment for men with localised prostate cancer. Psychooncology. 2013;22(10):2186-2192.

38. Siegel T, Moul JW, Spevak M, et al. The development of erectile dysfunction in men treated for prostate cancer. J Urol. 2001;165(2):430-435.

39. Lange M, Marijnen CAM, Maas CP, et al. Risk factors for sexual dysfunction after rectal cancer treatment. Eur J Cancer. 2009;45(9):1578-1588.

40. Boquiren VM, Esplen MJ, Wong J, et al. Sexual functioning in breast cancer survivors experiencing body image disturbance. Psychooncology. 2016;25(1):66-76.

41. Archangelo SCV, Sabino M, Veiga DF, et al. Sexuality, depression and body image after breast reconstruction. Clinics. 2019;74:e883.

42. Widianti MO, Yona S, Waluyo A. Body image, social support, effects of chemotherapy, and sexual desire in breast cancer patients. J Int Dent Med Res. 2019;12(1):323-330.

43. Zaider T, Manne S, Nelson C, et al. Loss of masculine identity, marital affection, and sexual bother in men with localized prostate cancer. J Sex Med. 2012;9(10):2724-2732.

44. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: DSM-5. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing; 2013.

45. Siddiqi N, House AO, Holmes JD. Occurrence and outcome of delirium in medical in-patients: a systematic literature review. Age Ageing. 2006;35(4):350-364.

46. Gilchrist NA, Asoh I, Greenberg B. Atypical antipsychotics for the treatment of ICU delirium. J Intensive Care Med. 2012;27(6):354-361.

47. Breitbart W, Alici Y. Evidence-based treatment of delirium in patients with cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2012;30(11):1206-1214.

48. Inouye SK, Bogardus ST Jr, Charpentier PA, et al. A multicomponent intervention to prevent delirium in hospitalized older patients. N Engl J Med. 1999;340(9):669-676.

49. Breitbart W, Alici Y. Agitation and delirium at the end of life. JAMA. 2008;300(24):2898-2910.

50. Inouye SK. Delirium in older persons. N Engl J Med. 2006;354(11):1157-1165.

51. Trzepacz PT, Breitbart W, Franklin J, et al. Practice guideline for the treatment of patients with delirium. Washington, DC: APA Press; 2010.

52. Breitbart W, Alici Y. Agitation and delirium at the end of life. JAMA. 2008;300(24):2898-2910.

53. Faulkner A, Maguire P. Talking to cancer patients and their relatives. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 1994.

54. De Vries M, Stiefel F. Psychotherapy in the oncology setting. In: Psycho-oncology. Springer; 2017. p.145-161.

55. De Vries M, Stiefel F. Psycho-oncological interventions and psychotherapy in the oncology setting. Psychooncology. 2013;22(Suppl 3):121-135.

56. Cieślak K. Professional psychological support and psychotherapy methods for oncology patients: Basic concepts and issues. Rep Pract Oncol Radiother. 2013;18(3):121-126.

Downloads

Published

24.09.2025 — Updated on 05.10.2025

Versions

Issue

Section

Articles